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The Dam Embankment

Once the River Hodder had been diverted through the culvert tunnel it was possible to begin work in earnest in the area of the main trench and dam embankment.

Once impervious bedrock had been reached across the full width of the dam, that part of the trench in the bedrock was scrubbed clean and grouted and was then filled with 11,876 cubic yards of concrete. The top of the concrete was shaped to form a concrete "shoe" in the base of the main trench. This was designed and shaped to form a foundation key for the "puddle clay" waterproof centre of the dam embankment. The "shoe" ensured that the clay could not slide away from the bedrock and allow the dam to leak.

As the puddle wall increased in height it was possible to commence the building of the embankment on each side of the puddle trench.

Ceremonial commencement of the dam embankment above ground level: the chairman of the Fylde Water Board, Councillor Robertson of Fleetwood, tips a wagon load of "fill" - 19/6/1925

The dam embankment is formed of 732,000 cubic yards of earth filling, the greater part having been excavated from within the reservoir. The large quantities of "fill" were excavated using Ruston "Steam Navvies", mainly from the reservoir bed within the area to be flooded by the dam. This material was then loaded into "Manchester Ship Canal" type (M.S.C.) side-tipping wagons and hauled on temporary narrow gauge railway lines to the dam embankment.

The length of the embankment at the top is 1,160 ft. The greatest width at the base is 678ft.; the width at the top is 20ft. The height above the bed of the River Hodder is 11oft. The downstream face has a slope of 2½ to 1, with two "berms" (or ledges) each 20 ft. wide and one berm 68ft. 9 ins. wide. The upstream face has a slope of 3 to 1 and is shingled and pitched with stone, the area covered being 24,000 sq. yds.

The first water is impounded by the culvert bulkhead and the forebay wall. The embankment rises behind the forebay wall. The base of the valve tower may be seen above the culvert entrance

The shingling for the upstream face of the dam was excavated from a gravel bed found beneath the site of Grange Hall when it was demolished in 1926. This gravel extended down in a layer approximately 8ft. deep into the reservoir bed.

Steam navvy excavating and loading gravel into "M.S.C" type wagons hauled by 0-4-0 tank engine (possibly "Ogden"?) for transport to the dam embankment

Photograph used by kind permission of Mrs. J. Lawson

The stone "pitching" used to face the upstream side of the dam and thereby prevent erosion of the embankment was quarried at Jumbles Quarry and transported by rail to the dam site.

Embankment, Valve-Tower & Board House 1931

Stone pitching work on the embankment being undertaken.

Laying topsoil and turf to complete the dam embankment. The stone facing of the upstream side of the dam can be seen - temporary railway line being removed in the background

Photograph used by kind permission of Mr. A. Walmsley

Completed dam embankment c. 1932

Photograph used by kind permission of Mrs. J. Lawson

In the 1990s the embankment was modified by the building of a wall along the top of the dam embankment. This wall was built to eliminate the risk of the dam being eroded by wind-driven waves breaking over the top of the earth embankment. It is called a "wave wall" and is now commonly installed on many earth embankment dams.

The worker completed the development of the embankment and the widening of the Sediyatmo toll road, to the side of the Soekarno-Hatta airport, in Kapok, Jakarta Utara, on Tuesday (3/6). The development of the embankment to prevent the flood from the overflowing of sea water (Rob) because the height of the toll road was lower than the prawns fishpond
Tanggul Krueng Cunda terlihat sedang dibangun kembali, setelah sebelumnya telah dibangun pada tahap pertama tahun lalu. kegunaan tanggul ini selain untuk mempercantik kawasan pinggiran sungai, juga untuk menahan longsornya pinggiran sungai tersebut, Minggu (28/10)--foto:Rakyat Aceh/Muchlis Ismail
The Samadua sea embankment still could not pacify the road and the settlement of the community from the wave raging pasang.Tanggul that has been built yet along the coast that diamuk the tidal wave.
The Samadua sea embankment still could not pacify the road and the settlement of the community from the wave raging pasang.Tanggul that has been built yet along the coast that diamuk the tidal wave.

Geodesy was one scientific branch eldest that was connected with the physical environment the earth. Since berabad passed, Geodesy be connected with survey and the mapping. From the Nile River flood (2000 SM) up to the monitoring of the movement kerak the earth was the matter that really was related to Geodesy. To the report on the Council of Riset National United States, the definition of Geodesy could be read as follows: a branch of applied mathematics that determines by observations and measurements the exact position of points and the figures and areas of large portions of the earth apostr s surface,the shape and size of the earth, and the variations of terrestrial gravity. In the different language, geodesy was the branch from knowledge of applied mathematics, that was carried out by means of doing the grating and observation to determine: * the position that was certain from the blank in front bumi * the measurement and the area from most faces bumi * the form and the measurement of the earth as well as the gravity variation earth
This definition had two aspects, that is: * Aspek scientific (the aspect of the determination of the form), was linked with the aspect of geometry and physical the earth as well as the difficult magnetic field variation the earth. * Aspek of the application (the aspect of the determination of the position), was connected with the grating and observation of the thorough or wide blank from some of most earths. The aspect of this application that afterwards was known with the survey term and the mapping or the geodesy technique. Currently the geodesy technique no longer only is connected with the survey and the mapping. The development of digital computer technology widened the scientific scope and the expertise of the geodesy technique. The map was managed as geographical information . That was the reason the international community adopted the new terminology: Geomatika or Geoinformatika.

Knowledge measured the land was part of the geodesy knowledge that studied grating methods in the surface of the earth and under the land to determine the relative position or absolute the blank to the surface of the land, above or beneath it, in satisfying the requirement like the mapping and the determination of the relative position of an area.

Branches of technical knowledge sipil * Struktural: the Branch that studied the structural problem from material that was used for the development. A form of the building was possibly made from several choices of the material kind like the steel, the concrete, wood, glasses or the other material. Each material had their respective characteristics. Structural broad knowledge studied the material characteristics so as in the long run could be chosen material whatever that was suitable for this building kind. In this field was studied deeper the matter that was linked with structure planning of the building, the road, bridge, the tunnel from the development of the foundation to the building was ready to be used.
* Geoteknik: the Branch that studied the structure and the characteristics of various land sorts in supporting a building that will stand above. His scope could take the form of field investigation that was investigation of land situations of an area and was reinforced with laboratory investigation. * Manajemen of the Construction: the Branch that studied the problem in the construction project that was linked with economics, scheduling for the work, the return of capital, the project cost, all the matters that were linked with the law and building permission through to the organising of the work in the field so as to be hoped this building was finished right on time.
* Hidro and the Environment: the Branch that studied water and the nature environment, the control and his problem. Included this field including the branch of knowledge of water hydrology (in connection with the weather, the rainfall, the water debit of a river etc.), hydraulics (the material characteristics of water, the water pressure, water thrust etc.) and the water building like the port, dam, the irrigation, the reservoir/the dam, the canal through to the sanitation technique. * Transportasi: the Branch that studied concerning the transport system in planning and his implementation. Included this field including the construction and the highway regulation, the construction of the airport, the terminal, the station and his management. * Informatika Teknik Sipil: the new Branch that studied the application of the Computer for the calculation/pemodelan a system in the Development project or the Research. Included this field including being demonstrated take the form of pemodelan the Structure of the Building (Structural from Material or Chad), pemodelan the movement of the ground water or the waste, pemodelan the environment with GIS Technology (Geographic information system).

The technique or the engineering was the application of knowledge and technology to resolve the problem of humankind. This was completed through knowledge, mathematics and the practical experience that were applied to design the object or the useful process. The professional technical practitioners were acknowledged as the engineer (the technical scholar). According to his history, many of the experts who believed in the capacity of the human technique have been buried naturally. This was marked by the ancient human capacity to make equipment equipment from the stone. In other words the technique was at first provided a basis for with trial and error to create the implement to facilitate the life of humankind. Together with passing of time, science began to be developing, and began to change the method of the human look against how nature worked. The development of this science that afterwards changed the technical method of working through to like sekrang this. The person never again like that mengandalakan trial and error in creating or designing equipment, but more gave priority to science as the foundation in designed.

A civilian was someone that not was the military member. According to the Convention Geneva Keempat, was a crime of the war to attack a civilian who was not carrying out the attack deliberately or destroyed or took the property thing of a civilian in a manner might not. Nevertheless, the property thing of a civilian might be destroyed if having the aim of the military; the property thing of a resident might be seized for the need of the military; and damage unintentionally was something that could be accepted in a war. In practice, whoever might be acknowledged as the fighter's side and non-the fighter sometimes became the complicated problem, especially in guerrilla warfare where the guerrilla fighters accepted the inhabitants's local support. Sometimes became the debate that the difference between the civilian and the military and ketidak senangan towards the attack against the civilian was the reflection from the West attitude towards the war; for the other community this not was a problem, even they regarded the West strategy of the side's war like the strategic bombing

Civil engineering was one of the branches of technical knowledge that studied about how drafted, constructive, renovated not only the building and the infrastructure, but also included the environment for the living advantage of humankind. Civil engineering had the wide scope, inside mathematical knowledge, physics, chemistry, biology, geology, the environment as far as the computer had his role was their respective. Civil engineering was developed in line with the level of the requirement for humankind and his movement, until could be said this knowledge could change a forest into the city.